Systemic Effects of Temporomandibular Disorders on Posture and Plantar Biomechanics: A Narrative Review Aligned with Observational Findings

Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are not limited to craniofacial symptoms; they may
influence distal biomechanics, postural alignment, and plantar pressure distribution through the
kinetic chain. This narrative review synthesizes evidence linking TMD to systemic postural and
gait changes, contextualized with findings from an observational cross-sectional study of 40
male participants (aged 20–40 years). TMD patients exhibited predominantly hindfoot loading,
left-sided sway patterns, and moderate-to-severe postural deviations. Evidence supports the role
of compensatory mechanisms along the kinetic chain and underscores the importance of
integrating postural and plantar pressure assessments into TMD rehabilitation. Limitations
include the male-only cohort, modest sample size, and the cross-sectional design, which
restricts causal inference. Future research should include female participants and longitudinal
designs to enhance generalizability.